Constipation, Diarrhoea and Changes in Bowel Habit

Comprehensive care for digestive disorders by Dr. Akeel Alisa

Understanding Bowel Habit Changes

Everyone experiences occasional changes in bowel movements — for example, after a change in diet, stress, or a short-term infection. However, when constipation, diarrhoea, or irregular bowel habits become persistent, it may signal an underlying digestive condition that requires medical attention.

Bowel health is a key indicator of overall wellbeing. A change in bowel habits may be temporary and harmless, but in some cases, it can point to conditions such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), infections, food intolerances, or even bowel cancer. Recognising when to seek help is crucial.

What is Constipation?

Constipation is defined as infrequent or difficult bowel movements. While “normal” bowel frequency varies, passing fewer than three stools per week, straining excessively, or passing hard, dry stools may indicate constipation.

Common Causes of Constipation:

  • Low-fibre diet
  • Dehydration
  • Lack of physical activity
  • Certain medications (painkillers, iron supplements, antidepressants)
  • Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS-C)
  • Underactive thyroid
  • Neurological conditions such as Parkinson’s disease
  • Structural bowel issues such as strictures or obstruction

What is Diarrhoea?

Diarrhoea is when bowel movements are frequent, loose, or watery. It can be short-lived (acute) or ongoing (chronic).

Common Causes of Diarrhoea:

  • Infections (viral, bacterial, or parasitic)
  • Food poisoning
  • Food intolerances such as lactose intolerance
  • IBS with diarrhoea (IBS-D)
  • Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis)
  • Coeliac disease
  • Side effects of medication or antibiotics
  • Bowel cancer (in some cases)

Changes in Bowel Habit

Some people experience alternating constipation and diarrhoea, or a noticeable shift from their normal pattern. These changes can be caused by IBS, SIBO, or dietary factors, but persistent alterations may also suggest more serious conditions.

When to See a Gastroenterologist

Seek specialist advice if you notice:

  • Persistent constipation or diarrhoea lasting more than a few weeks
  • Blood in the stool or rectal bleeding
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Severe abdominal pain or bloating
  • Mucus in the stool
  • Night-time diarrhoea (waking from sleep)
  • Family history of bowel disease or bowel cancer

These may be warning signs of conditions such as IBD, coeliac disease, or colorectal cancer, which require prompt diagnosis and treatment.

Diagnosis

A gastroenterologist will take a thorough history and may recommend:

  • Blood tests: To check for anaemia, inflammation, or thyroid problems
  • Stool tests: To detect infections, inflammation, or hidden blood
  • Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy: To directly assess the colon and rule out serious disease
  • Breath tests: To check for lactose intolerance or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
  • Imaging scans (CT or MRI): If structural problems are suspected

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the underlying cause:

For Constipation:

  • High-fibre diet and increased water intake
  • Regular physical activity
  • Laxatives, if required
  • Medications to improve bowel motility (in selected cases)

For Diarrhoea:

  • Identifying and treating infections
  • Dietary modifications (low FODMAP diet, lactose avoidance)
  • Anti-diarrhoeal medications if appropriate
  • Specialist therapies for IBS-D or IBD

For Chronic or Irregular Bowel Habits:

  • Comprehensive dietary assessment
  • Probiotics or gut-directed therapies
  • Long-term monitoring and follow-up for inflammatory or structural conditions

Possible Complications

Ignoring ongoing bowel changes can lead to:

  • Chronic discomfort and reduced quality of life
  • Severe dehydration (from prolonged diarrhoea)
  • Faecal impaction (from severe constipation)
  • Missed diagnosis of serious conditions like bowel cancer or IBD

Why Specialist Care Matters

Seeing a gastroenterologist ensures:

  • Accurate diagnosis — distinguishing between IBS, IBD, coeliac disease, or other causes
  • Personalised treatment tailored to your symptoms
  • Access to advanced endoscopy for early detection of bowel cancer
  • Reassurance and guidance to restore confidence in your digestive health
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